{"id":10581,"date":"2026-03-25T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T06:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/honert.de\/?p=10581"},"modified":"2026-03-25T16:10:37","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T14:10:37","slug":"responsibilities-and-legal-remedies-in-a-bipartite-limited-liability-company","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/responsibilities-and-legal-remedies-in-a-bipartite-limited-liability-company\/","title":{"rendered":"RESPONSIBILITIES AND LEGAL REMEDIES IN A BIPARTITE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-4j9s0r4-29b03ded270d458b42c0b3c1396b5c6e\">\n.avia-section.av-4j9s0r4-29b03ded270d458b42c0b3c1396b5c6e{\nbackground-repeat:no-repeat;\nbackground-image:url(https:\/\/honert.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/3629.jpg);\nbackground-position:0% 0%;\nbackground-attachment:scroll;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-4j9s0r4-29b03ded270d458b42c0b3c1396b5c6e main_color avia-section-default avia-no-shadow  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_section  avia-builder-el-first  hide_on_print avia-full-stretch avia-bg-style-scroll av-minimum-height av-minimum-height-40 av-height-40  container_wrap sidebar_right'  data-section-bg-repeat='stretch' data-av_minimum_height_pc='40' data-av_min_height_opt='40'><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-10581'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<\/div><\/div><\/main><!-- close content main element --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_2'  class='avia-section av-44kuixc-3909c7e59931650ff1bd338bd08e0167 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-shadow  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_section  avia-builder-el-last  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-10581'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-3n6msuo-b51d111e9d3d57bb78364118e35bfec5\">\n.flex_column.av-3n6msuo-b51d111e9d3d57bb78364118e35bfec5{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-3n6msuo-b51d111e9d3d57bb78364118e35bfec5 av_two_third  avia-builder-el-2  el_before_av_two_third  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mn63g0fr-9f8f0b838239c453bcb6c6cbc75601dc\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-mn63g0fr-9f8f0b838239c453bcb6c6cbc75601dc{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-mn63g0fr-9f8f0b838239c453bcb6c6cbc75601dc .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-mn63g0fr-9f8f0b838239c453bcb6c6cbc75601dc .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-mn63g0fr-9f8f0b838239c453bcb6c6cbc75601dc av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-3  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_above'>25. March 2026\n<\/div><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >RESPONSIBILITIES AND LEGAL REMEDIES IN A BIPARTITE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2xk3n00-6237ceaa9a1db9dd5a0030a5b2aa8b9a\">\n.flex_column.av-2xk3n00-6237ceaa9a1db9dd5a0030a5b2aa8b9a{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-2xk3n00-6237ceaa9a1db9dd5a0030a5b2aa8b9a av_two_third  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_two_third  el_before_av_two_third  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-mn63ir20-35720297b902cb800a9a0d2950bb3a68 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>If a shareholder wishes to enforce claims for damages against a non-shareholder managing director of the company, they must, in principle, choose the route via the company. <\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2qob10w-3f52428c776e40f6fbe8560f9b8f904d\">\n.flex_column.av-2qob10w-3f52428c776e40f6fbe8560f9b8f904d{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-2qob10w-3f52428c776e40f6fbe8560f9b8f904d av_two_third  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_two_third  el_before_av_one_third  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-mn63qfwm-34a2ea241f05fa298adcb6cba4872e01 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The German Federal Court of Justice (BGH; judgment of 5 November 2024 \u2013 II ZR 85\/23) clarifies the principles governing shareholder actions in a German limited liability company (GmbH) with only two shareholders (the so-called bipartite (\u201c<em>zweigliedrige<\/em>\u201d) limited liability company), as well as the powers of the company\u2019s bodies. An actio pro socio (i.e. a claim brought by a shareholder in its own name on behalf of the company) is generally precluded when asserting claims against non-shareholder managing directors and is, moreover, only possible in exceptional cases. If one of the two shareholders of the bipartite GmbH is subject to a voting ban, such that only the votes of the other shareholder count, a separate resolution to assert a claim for damages or to appoint a legal representative is unnecessary.<\/p>\n<h2>I. Background<\/h2>\n<p>The correct classification and delineation of the responsibilities of the bodies of a GmbH \u2013 namely the managing directors, the shareholders\u2019 meeting and the individual shareholders \u2013 is crucial for the successful enforcement of claims. In the heat of a shareholder dispute, responsibilities and the statutory procedural and formal requirements are often disregarded or simply overlooked. As a result, the claimant risks being unable to successfully enforce their claim, or even having their case dismissed, which can add another considerable cost amount to the case.<\/p>\n<h2>II. Underlying Aspects of Corporate Law<\/h2>\n<p>As an independent legal entity, a German GmbH may itself be the holder of a claim. For example, it may itself bring claims for damages against its managing directors. Section 43(2) of the German Limited Liability Companies Act (GmbHG) provides that a managing director is liable to the company for a breach of duty, but not directly to the shareholders. Only the decision as to whether claims are to be asserted is reserved for a resolution by the shareholders\u2019 meeting (Section 46(8) GmbHG). Shareholders who are also managing directors and who are alleged to have breached their duty are subject to a voting ban when voting on this resolution to assert claims (Section 47(4) GmbHG).<br \/>In addition to this basic legal rule, case law has recognized the concept of \u2018actio pro socio\u2019, i.e. the exceptional assertion of claims on behalf of the company by a shareholder in their own name, seeking performance for the benefit of the company. This form of representative action is considered subordinate and is subject to strict conditions.<\/p>\n<h2>III. Facts of the Case<\/h2>\n<p>The claimant, a minority shareholder (49%) of a bipartite GmbH, wanted to pursue claims against the two external (non-shareholder) managing directors of the GmbH. These were also the managing directors of the majority shareholder and held an indirect shareholder position.<br \/>The claimant sought a declaration and compensation for losses incurred by the GmbH, which she attributed to the managing directors. At the shareholders\u2019 meeting of the GmbH convened for this purpose, a resolution was to be passed regarding the examination and assertion of the GmbH\u2019s claims against its managing directors and\/or the majority shareholder, as well as the appointment of legal representation to pursue these claims. The minority shareholder voted in favor of the resolution. The majority shareholder \u2013 represented by the very same managing directors who are also the managing directors of the limited liability company \u2013 voted against it with its 51% of voting rights. The GmbH (again through its managing directors) informed the minority shareholder of the voting result, noting that a \u201cconfirmation of the resolution (\u2026) would not take place in view of the unclear legal situation\u201d. The minority shareholder then brought an action in her own name against the defendants for damages payable to the GmbH.<\/p>\n<h2>IV. The Court\u2019s Decision and its Reasoning<\/h2>\n<p>The BGH dismissed the claim as inadmissible on two grounds: firstly, because an actio pro socio against non-shareholder managing directors is generally precluded; and secondly, because the plaintiff\u2019s actio pro socio was subordinate, as a resolution and the assertion of claims at company level would have been possible.<br \/>Even in a GmbH with only two shareholders, a shareholders\u2019 resolution is feasible, even though only one shareholder is entitled to vote. Where the subject matter of the resolution is the initiation of legal proceedings against the managing directors and the appointment of legal representatives to pursue these claims, the managing directors concerned, who are acting on behalf of the majority shareholder, are subject to a voting ban. Due to this prohibition on voting, designed to prevent the voter from pursuing their own interests, the defendants could not exercise the voting right on behalf of the majority shareholder when passing the resolution to assert claims directed against themselves. Their votes were invalid and not allowed to be counted.<br \/>In addition, the BGH clarifies that a resolution to appoint a legal representative would not have been necessary at all in the specific case of the bipartite GmbH. The voting ban renders a resolution in this case a superfluous formality. Consequently, the plaintiff, as the representative of the GmbH \u2013 that is, acting on behalf of such GmbH and not in her own name \u2013 could have brought an action against the managing directors.<br \/>The company was therefore itself in a position to bring a claim against the defendants pursuant to section 43(2) GmbHG, and consequently there was no need for an actio pro socio. The claimant could not derive standing to sue from this. Even if the defendant managing directors are, in turn, the directors of the majority shareholder and indirect shareholders, this does not alter the situation. A shareholder may only bring an action on behalf of the company if the competent bodies of the GmbH are unable to assert the claims or are blocked from doing so, or if the company is incapacitated in a manner that threatens its existence. In the view of the BGH, a claim must, for example, be unenforceable or have been thwarted by the tortfeasor themselves, or be so impeded by the balance of power within the company that it would constitute an unreasonable detour for the shareholder concerned to first have to compel the company to bring a liability claim.<\/p>\n<h2>V. Implications for the Legal Practice<\/h2>\n<p>The judgment highlights several relevant points, the consideration of which is crucial in practice:<\/p>\n<p>1. Correct claimant: Before a shareholder asserts claims or even brings legal proceedings, they must carefully assess whether the claims in question are due to them or, in fact, to the company. It is often the company itself that must enforce its claims. A shareholder must then use the means at their disposal to bring this about, for example by means of a (directive) resolution. The actio pro socio must always be applied with caution, and the existence of a relevant exceptional situation must be critically examined. Otherwise, there is a risk that the action will be dismissed as inadmissible. The plaintiff shareholder has then lost \u2018on two counts\u2019: on the one hand, they receive no substantive ruling from the court regarding the facts of the case; on the other hand, they must bear the costs of the legal proceedings (which, as in the case at hand involving multiple instances, can be enormous). The shareholder can avoid this by choosing the correct course of action from the outset and clearly establishing who is entitled to assert the claim and on whose behalf.<\/p>\n<p>2. Correct defendant: Furthermore, it must be considered in advance against whom the claim is directed. If an external (non-shareholder) managing director is to be held liable, the claim must primarily be pursued by the GmbH, and according to the BGH, the route via the actio pro socio remains closed. If, on the other hand, the defendant is a shareholder (or shareholder-managing director) acting in breach of fiduciary duty, then the shareholder may, under certain circumstances, assert claims on behalf of the company via the actio pro socio. As described above, however, this applies only as a secondary remedy, provided that the company itself cannot assert a claim.<\/p>\n<p>3. Avoiding procedural errors: It is equally important to adhere to the procedure, the formal steps and the involvement of the relevant bodies within the company. In this regard, the minority shareholder in a bipartite GmbH now has \u2013 contrary to previous practice and based on the somewhat counterintuitive rulings of the BGH \u2013 the option of representing the company even without a corresponding shareholders\u2019 resolution. If \u2013 as has been the practice to date \u2013 a resolution is nevertheless passed, it must be observed that votes subject to a voting ban are not counted. They are invalid and must not be included in the resolution. However, the legal consequences must be closely monitored if, as in the present case, the managing directors refuse to confirm and record the resolution. In that case, the resolution itself would be invalid (not merely the votes cast by those subject to the voting ban). Consequently, no action to set aside the resolution would be required, but rather either a new resolution or \u2013 as now established by the BGH ruling \u2013 the minority shareholder may act directly as a representative of the GmbH.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6ys05s-aa01a8297a713bf3e9d576ac0f777b83\">\n.flex_column.av-6ys05s-aa01a8297a713bf3e9d576ac0f777b83{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:7px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-6ys05s-aa01a8297a713bf3e9d576ac0f777b83 av_one_third  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_two_third  avia-builder-el-last  sy-only-desktop hide_on_print flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p><div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-9  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><section id=\"categories-3\" class=\"widget clearfix widget_categories\"><h3 class=\"widgettitle\">Newsletter 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