{"id":6320,"date":"2021-10-01T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-01T06:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/honert.de\/scope-of-the-negative-legitimation-effect-of-the-list-of-shareholders-of-a-gmbh\/"},"modified":"2021-10-05T11:25:04","modified_gmt":"2021-10-05T09:25:04","slug":"scope-of-the-negative-legitimation-effect-of-the-list-of-shareholders-of-a-gmbh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/scope-of-the-negative-legitimation-effect-of-the-list-of-shareholders-of-a-gmbh\/","title":{"rendered":"SCOPE OF THE NEGATIVE LEGITIMATION EFFECT OF THE LIST OF SHAREHOLDERS OF A GMBH"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-geu2g9-cc5b857d03ed563278418c38ea233f60\">\n.avia-section.av-geu2g9-cc5b857d03ed563278418c38ea233f60{\nbackground-repeat:no-repeat;\nbackground-image:url(https:\/\/honert.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/3629.jpg);\nbackground-position:0% 0%;\nbackground-attachment:scroll;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-geu2g9-cc5b857d03ed563278418c38ea233f60 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-shadow  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_section  avia-builder-el-first  hide_on_print avia-full-stretch avia-bg-style-scroll av-minimum-height av-minimum-height-40 av-height-40  container_wrap sidebar_right'  data-section-bg-repeat='stretch' data-av_minimum_height_pc='40' data-av_min_height_opt='40'><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-6320'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<\/div><\/div><\/main><!-- close content main element --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_2'  class='avia-section av-ecb8nt-50c067c6b9469e5a57181aa3e322160c main_color avia-section-default avia-no-shadow  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_section  avia-builder-el-last  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-6320'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1ai37d-60732b53e32b75e072097533e1fc5f92\">\n.flex_column.av-1ai37d-60732b53e32b75e072097533e1fc5f92{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1ai37d-60732b53e32b75e072097533e1fc5f92 av_two_third  avia-builder-el-2  el_before_av_two_third  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku84maex-37cff0bc234f98d64518c92152cabd3d\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku84maex-37cff0bc234f98d64518c92152cabd3d{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku84maex-37cff0bc234f98d64518c92152cabd3d .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku84maex-37cff0bc234f98d64518c92152cabd3d .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku84maex-37cff0bc234f98d64518c92152cabd3d av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-3  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_above'>1. October 2021\n<\/div><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >SCOPE OF THE NEGATIVE LEGITIMATION EFFECT OF THE LIST OF SHAREHOLDERS OF A GMBH<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1443vt-37928c26658d1a688b4dadcd3e5569ea\">\n.flex_column.av-1443vt-37928c26658d1a688b4dadcd3e5569ea{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1443vt-37928c26658d1a688b4dadcd3e5569ea av_two_third  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_two_third  el_before_av_two_third  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku84mxr1-29651990eacd0b0f605c03de5ac781db '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>In a more recent decision, the Federal Court of Justice (ruling of 26. January 2021, case no. II ZR 391\/18) has once again dealt with the so-called negative legitimation effect of the list of shareholders pursuant to sec. 16 para. 1 sentence 1 GmbHG within a short period of time. According to this, only the person who is entered as a shareholder in the list of shareholders included in the commercial register is deemed to be a shareholder vis-\u00e0-vis the GmbH. An exception applies to cases involving the exclusion of the shareholder from the company.<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-9b0j8p-5a75b2ed7da1d8103a49ddcb58756b3c\">\n.flex_column.av-9b0j8p-5a75b2ed7da1d8103a49ddcb58756b3c{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-9b0j8p-5a75b2ed7da1d8103a49ddcb58756b3c av_two_third  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_two_third  el_before_av_one_third  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku84ot74-e96730c73615b6673b34f26d7d3ded77 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>I. Legal Classification<\/h2>\n<p>The purpose of the provision of sec. 16 para. 1 sentence 1 German Limited Liability Companies Act (<em>Gesetz betreffend die Gesellschaften mit beschr\u00e4nkter Haftung<\/em> &#8211; GmbHG) is &#8211; as emphasized by the Federal Court of Justice (<em>Bundesgerichtshof <\/em>&#8211; BGH) &#8211; to create transparency with regard to the shareholders on the one hand, especially in terms of combating abuse and money laundering, and legal clarity and legal certainty within the company on the other hand. This is accompanied by a rigid application of the provision: despite the material entitlement of the person who is not (or no longer) entered in the commercial register, this person can in principle no longer assert his membership rights from the point in time at which the list of shareholders no longer listing him is submitted to the commercial register. The same also applies vice versa: the person who is not materially entitled but is registered is to be treated by the company as a shareholder.<br \/>\n<\/h2>\n<p>II. Facts<\/h2>\n<p>The subject of the decision of 26 January 2021 was the action of a (former) managing shareholder against the redemption of his share, his dismissal as managing director, the termination of his managing director service agreement and the assertion of (substitute) claims against him. He also defended himself against the rejection of his own proposed resolutions with which he requested the opposite, namely that the shares of his managing co-shareholder be withdrawn and that they be dismissed as managing directors and that claims for damages be asserted against them.<br \/>\nThe contested resolutions were passed at several shareholders&#8217; meetings. In particular, the (first) resolution on the redemption of the share was passed before the list of shareholders, which no longer included the claimant, was submitted to the commercial register. This resolution, like the other resolutions, was confirmed in subsequent shareholders&#8217; meetings after submission of the &#8220;updated&#8221; list.<br \/>\nIn order to pursue his legal action, the claimant brought an action for a declaration of nullity, an action for rescission and an action for a positive resolution, i.e. legal remedies under limited liability company law where the right to bring an action results from membership.<br \/>\nThese actions were partially successful in the lower courts.<\/p>\n<h2>III. The Decision of the BGH<\/h2>\n<p>The BGH dismissed most of the claimant&#8217;s actions. Thereby, the BGH essentially differentiated as follows:<br \/>\nThe claimant can always challenge the redemption resolution or its subsequent confirmations in court. This applies irrespective of whether the list of shareholders at the commercial register already shows him as no longer being a shareholder prior to the passing of the redemption resolution or whether the &#8220;updated&#8221; list is only submitted to the commercial register after the passing of the redemption resolution.<br \/>\nThe BGH justified this by stating that otherwise the constitutionally required possibility of legal protection with regard to (share) ownership would not be enforced.<br \/>\nThe claimant&#8217;s action against these resolutions was also successful, as they were null and void. In this respect, it was also irrelevant that the redemption resolution was later confirmed (several times) analogously to sec. 244 sentence 1 German Stock Corporation Act (<em>Aktiengesetz <\/em>&#8211; AktG), because only resolutions that can be challenged, but not null and void resolutions, can be confirmed. In this case, the nullity resulted from a corresponding application of sec. 241 no. 3 AktG in conjunction with sec. 30 para. 1 sentence 1 and sec. 34 para. 3 GmbHG, as the company did not have the free assets required for payment of the settlement owed when the resolution was adopted.<br \/>\nThe action against the other resolutions of the (later) shareholders&#8217; meetings, on the other hand, was not successful. In any case, the claimant did not have the right to contest the resolutions adopted after being removed from the list of shareholders submitted to the commercial register and which did not relate to the confirmation of his exclusion from the company. This follows &#8211; according to the BGH &#8211; from the negative legitimation effect of sec. 16 para. 1 sentence 1 GmbHG, which applies irrespective of the claimant&#8217;s substantive entitlement.<br \/>\nThis is because from the point in time when a list of shareholders no longer listing the shareholder is entered in the commercial register, the shareholder can in principle no longer exercise his membership rights and the right to contest follows from the membership administrative law. Exceptions to this principle exist only if the company is prevented in good faith from invoking the negative legitimation effect or in order to grant the shareholder effective legal protection with regard to his (share) ownership.<br \/>\nHowever, such exceptions had not existed in this respect. In particular, neither the claimant&#8217;s service as managing director nor the authorization to assert claims for compensation against him had any effect on the claimant&#8217;s shareholding. Furthermore, the claimant was also not prevented from directly pursuing his claims for compensation in court.<br \/>\nFurthermore, the BGH clarified that a right of rescission cannot result from the fact that the company continues to treat the &#8220;shareholder&#8221; who is no longer on the list of shareholders as a shareholder, for example by inviting him to the shareholders&#8217; meeting and allowing him to participate in the corresponding votes. This is because the purpose of sec. 16 para. 1 sentence 1 GmbHG (combating abuse and legal certainty and clarity) already prohibits the company from granting shareholder rights to a person who is not (or no longer) on the list of shareholders.<br \/>\nAlso with regard to the resolutions adopted at a time when the claimant was still listed in the list of shareholders and not concerning the confirmation of his exclusion from the company, the BGH ruled that the actions directed against this cannot succeed. This is due to the fact that these resolutions were all subsequently confirmed in accordance with sec. 244 sentence 1 AktG after the claimant had been removed from the list of shareholders, with the consequence that &#8211; once the confirming resolutions have become effective &#8211; a challenge to the original resolution can no longer be asserted. In this respect, it was also not necessary for the confirmation resolution to be adopted by the same shareholders as the original resolution, but by the shareholders&#8217; meeting in the respective composition.<br \/>\nWith regard to the assertion of the positive determination of the resolution, the BGH merely stated that in the absence of the right to challenge, the substantive right to assert the positive determination of the resolution is also lacking.<\/p>\n<h2>IV. Consequences for the practice<\/h2>\n<p>The decision represents a consistent continuation of the case law of the highest courts. At the same time, it impressively shows that utmost caution is required with regard to the negative legitimation effect: The shareholder who is no longer registered (but who is still materially entitled) can still take legal action under company law against the resolution excluding him, but not against other shareholder resolutions.<br \/>\nThis can have drastic consequences for the formally excluded party: The fact that, according to the BGH, the list of shareholders is authoritative leads to legal clarity, but in individual cases to the not &#8220;fair&#8221; result that, although the withdrawal is obviously void, after being removed from the list the remaining shareholders can reshape the GmbH to a considerable extent without the &#8220;removed&#8221; person being able to prevent this.<br \/>\nNotwithstanding the criticism sometimes voiced against the decision discussed, that it leads to untenable results, the BGH has clearly continued its line of the far-reaching effect of the contents of the list of shareholders. Consequently, an excluded shareholder is well advised to (provisionally) prevent his removal from the list of shareholders as soon as possible by means of interim legal protection in order to continue to be considered a shareholder in relation to the company. The person affected by the exclusion can only in this way (fully) preserve influence in the shareholders&#8217; meeting and its right to challenge resolutions of the shareholders&#8217; meeting.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6u737t-0ce3b0a8e9c0a8cc16c4a98721333822\">\n.flex_column.av-6u737t-0ce3b0a8e9c0a8cc16c4a98721333822{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:7px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-6u737t-0ce3b0a8e9c0a8cc16c4a98721333822 av_one_third  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_two_third  avia-builder-el-last  sy-only-desktop hide_on_print flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p><div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-9  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><section id=\"categories-3\" class=\"widget clearfix widget_categories\"><h3 class=\"widgettitle\">Newsletter issues<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"cat-item 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onclick=\"window.print();return false\">Print<\/a><br \/>\n\n\n\n\t<div class=\"dkpdf-button-container\" style=\" text-align:left \">\n\n\t\t<a class=\"dkpdf-button\" href=\"\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6320?pdf=6320\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"dkpdf-button-icon\"><i class=\"fa fa-file-pdf-o\"><\/i><\/span> Download (PDF)<\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='after_section_2'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-6320'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In a more recent decision, the Federal Court of Justice (ruling of 26. January 2021, case no. II ZR 391\/18) has once again dealt with the so-called negative legitimation effect of the list of shareholders pursuant to sec. 16 para. 1 sentence 1 GmbHG within a short period of time. According to this, only the person who is entered as a shareholder in the list of shareholders included in the commercial register is deemed to be a shareholder vis-\u00e0-vis the GmbH. An exception applies to cases involving the exclusion of the shareholder from the company.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"mc4wp_mailchimp_campaign":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[173],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6320","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-2021-q3-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6320","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6320"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6320\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6326,"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6320\/revisions\/6326"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6320"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6320"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6320"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}