{"id":7273,"date":"2022-06-30T09:50:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-30T07:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/honert.de\/?p=7273"},"modified":"2022-06-30T10:08:04","modified_gmt":"2022-06-30T08:08:04","slug":"personal-liability-of-the-representative-of-an-ug-acting-in-legal-relations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/personal-liability-of-the-representative-of-an-ug-acting-in-legal-relations\/","title":{"rendered":"PERSONAL LIABILITY OF THE REPRESENTATIVE OF AN UG ACTING IN LEGAL RELATIONS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-gx73hx-047e5f291c4d7301c8253ae79d7a1a01\">\n.avia-section.av-gx73hx-047e5f291c4d7301c8253ae79d7a1a01{\nbackground-repeat:no-repeat;\nbackground-image:url(https:\/\/honert.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/3629.jpg);\nbackground-position:0% 0%;\nbackground-attachment:scroll;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-gx73hx-047e5f291c4d7301c8253ae79d7a1a01 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-shadow  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_section  avia-builder-el-first  hide_on_print avia-full-stretch avia-bg-style-scroll av-minimum-height av-minimum-height-40 av-height-40  container_wrap sidebar_right'  data-section-bg-repeat='stretch' data-av_minimum_height_pc='40' data-av_min_height_opt='40'><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-7273'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<\/div><\/div><\/main><!-- close content main element --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_2'  class='avia-section av-feecz9-7fdb24caa94b1f412ccef20d04fe7810 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-shadow  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_section  avia-builder-el-last  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-7273'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-edo4o5-1dccdc0bc3dc31c7bdc76e885fd91146\">\n.flex_column.av-edo4o5-1dccdc0bc3dc31c7bdc76e885fd91146{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-edo4o5-1dccdc0bc3dc31c7bdc76e885fd91146 av_two_third  avia-builder-el-2  el_before_av_two_third  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l50ptl5e-1e6fd99b63e8c06f1fad7973228a03ad\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-l50ptl5e-1e6fd99b63e8c06f1fad7973228a03ad{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-l50ptl5e-1e6fd99b63e8c06f1fad7973228a03ad .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-l50ptl5e-1e6fd99b63e8c06f1fad7973228a03ad .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-l50ptl5e-1e6fd99b63e8c06f1fad7973228a03ad av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-3  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_above'>30. June 2022\n<\/div><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >PERSONAL LIABILITY OF THE REPRESENTATIVE OF AN UG ACTING IN LEGAL RELATIONS<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-brhcrp-f79f00fbc1022a9ca11c31b11f16838c\">\n.flex_column.av-brhcrp-f79f00fbc1022a9ca11c31b11f16838c{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-brhcrp-f79f00fbc1022a9ca11c31b11f16838c av_two_third  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_two_third  el_before_av_two_third  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-l50qe2n9-db56e9c6bf2a0bad0e9a15deb51f101f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>According to a recent ruling by the Federal Court of Justice (<em>Bundesgerichtshof <\/em>&#8211; BGH) (ruling dated 13 January 2022, case no. III ZR 210\/20), a representative acting in legal relations on behalf of an entrepreneurial company (<em>Unternehmergesellschaft <\/em>&#8211; UG) is personally liable on the basis of a prima facie case (<em>Rechtsscheingesichtspunkten<\/em>) pursuant to \u00a7 179 German Civil Code (BGB) in conjunction with \u00a7 311 para. 2 and 3 BGB (analogously) if the UG does not state its legal form &#8220;exactly and to the letter (<em>exakt und buchstabengetreu<\/em>)&#8221; in its company name. Even the omission of only the suffix &#8220;(haftungsbeschr\u00e4nkt)&#8221; could trigger prima facie liability despite the use of at least the legal form &#8220;UG&#8221; or &#8220;Unternehmergesellschaft&#8221;.<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-b98f2t-a46ca85c261e2d0601d24d46e7ecdc6f\">\n.flex_column.av-b98f2t-a46ca85c261e2d0601d24d46e7ecdc6f{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-b98f2t-a46ca85c261e2d0601d24d46e7ecdc6f av_two_third  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_two_third  el_before_av_one_third  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-l50qg9lw-43b64201168dd354ad27d534565e5c62 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>I. Entrepreneurial company (<em>Unternehmergesellschaft<\/em>)<\/h2>\n<p>The Unternehmergesellschaft is not a separate legal form, but a special form of a limited liability company (<em>Gesellschaft mit beschr\u00e4nkter Haftung<\/em> &#8211; GmbH), a &#8220;small&#8221; GmbH. In accordance with \u00a7 5a para. 1 German Limited Liability Companies Act (<em>Gesetz betreffend die Gesellschaften mit beschr\u00e4nkter Haftung<\/em> &#8211; GmbHG), the Unternehmergesellschaft does not have to bear the designation &#8220;GmbH&#8221; in its name, but the designation &#8220;Unternehmergesellschaft (haftungsbeschr\u00e4nkt)&#8221; or &#8220;UG (haftungsbeschr\u00e4nkt)&#8221; in order to draw the attention of creditors to the existing limitation of liability.<\/p>\n<h2>II. Facts of the case<\/h2>\n<p>The parties are in dispute about a claim for damages due to incorrect investment advice and about the question of whether the defendant had passive legitimacy. In any case, it is undisputed that the defendant acted as a financial intermediary and representative of a UG vis-\u00e0-vis the claimant. The investment decisions made by the claimant on the advice of the defendant led, among other things, to the total loss of the invested capital. The claimant then demanded damages from the defendant personally for incorrect investment advice on the basis of contractual (an alleged investment advice contract existing with the defendant personally) and tortious claims (including culpa in contrahendo due to the claim of a personal trust exceeding the negotiating trust and due to immoral damage (<em>sittenwidrige Sch\u00e4digung<\/em>)).<br \/>\nThe lower courts dismissed the claim on the grounds that the requirements for asserting claims in tort were not met and that no contract had been concluded with the claimant; therefore, the claimant did not have passive legitimacy.<\/p>\n<h2>III. Decision of the BGH<\/h2>\n<p>However, in the opinion of the BGH, liability on the basis of a personal (prima facie) liability of the defendant pursuant to \u00a7\u00a7 311 para. 2 and 3, 179 BGB (analogously) can be considered in addition to the UG.<br \/>\nIn this context, the BGH also initially assumes that in the case to be decided a contract was not concluded between the claimant and the defendant, but between the claimant and the UG represented by the defendant, since it is a company-related transaction in which the intention of the parties involved is that the business owner &#8211; represented by the acting person &#8211; should become the contractual partner. According to the objective view of the recipient, the defendant acted as the representative of the UG and not for himself. Furthermore, the BGH assumes that the investment advice of the UG represented by the defendant was incorrect and in this respect there was a breach of duty by the investment advisor &#8211; in this case the UG &#8211; so that there is a claim for damages against the UG.<br \/>\nContrary to the Court of Appeal, however, the BGH does not stop here and rejects the appeal, but comes to the personal liability of the defendant in addition to the UG pursuant to \u00a7\u00a7 311 para. 2 and 3, 179 BGB (analogously), since the defendant did not express the limitation of liability of the UG to the claimant, but did in fact to a large extent not use the legal form &#8220;UG&#8221;. As a result, the defendant also had passive legitimacy.<br \/>\nAccording to established case law of the Second Civil Senate, the person acting on behalf of a GmbH is liable for violation of \u00a7 4 para. 1 GmbHG according to \u00a7 179 BGB (analogously) if, due to the lack of formal addition (GmbH or a generally understandable abbreviation of this designation), he generates the justified confidence of the contractual partner that (also) at least one natural person is liable. In the opinion of the Third Civil Senate, these principles also apply in the context of a UG. Consequently, the liability of reliance applies if the addition &#8220;Unternehmergesellschaft (haftungsbeschr\u00e4nkt)&#8221; or &#8220;UG (haftungsbeschr\u00e4nkt)&#8221; is omitted or inadmissibly abbreviated. The BGH states: \u201e<em>Since the statutory requirement must be complied with exactly and to the letter (BGH NZG 2012, 989 = WM 2012, 1629 marginal no. 16), prima facie liability also applies if the addition is incomplete, for example because the mandatory reference &#8220;haftungsbeschr\u00e4nkt&#8221; is missing. The mere reference to the legal form of the entrepreneurial company (UG) is therefore not sufficient as such, because &#8211; in contrast to the addition of the legal form &#8220;limited liability company&#8221; &#8211; the entrepreneurial company does not already bear the limitation of liability in its name. If only this reference is omitted, the impression can be created that at least one natural person has unlimited liability for the UG.<\/em>&#8221;<br \/>\nSuch prima facie liability could at most be precluded by the fact that the claimant knew or should have known of the actual liability circumstances or that they were irrelevant for him. However, this was not examined by the Court of Appeal and will have to be made up for in the new appeal proceedings &#8211; provided that the defendant&#8217;s submission is admissible under \u00a7\u00a7 529 to 531 German Code of Civil Procedure (<em>Zivilprozessordnung<\/em> &#8211; ZPO).<\/p>\n<h2>IV. Consequences for the practice<\/h2>\n<p>Again and again, there are entrepreneurial companies that do not use the suffix &#8220;haftungsbeschr\u00e4nkt&#8221;. The ruling of the BGH shows that this can have considerable consequences and lead to personal liability of the person acting.<br \/>\nIn the literature, it is increasingly suggested that the legally prescribed, unwieldy legal form suffix &#8220;haftungsbeschr\u00e4nkt&#8221; be deleted or at least modified so that in the future, for example, a legal form suffix &#8220;UG mbH&#8221; should also suffice. These considerations are to be welcomed. However, as long as such a simplification is not implemented by the legislator, entrepreneurial companies should strictly observe the legal form suffix in order to avoid personal liability of those acting on their behalf.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-8g80l1-3143143b6bd1c012a61d6da741339e73\">\n.flex_column.av-8g80l1-3143143b6bd1c012a61d6da741339e73{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:7px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-8g80l1-3143143b6bd1c012a61d6da741339e73 av_one_third  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_two_third  avia-builder-el-last  sy-only-desktop hide_on_print flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p><div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-9  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><section id=\"categories-3\" class=\"widget clearfix widget_categories\"><h3 class=\"widgettitle\">Newsletter issues<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<li 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onclick=\"window.print();return false\">Print<\/a><br \/>\n\n\n\n\t<div class=\"dkpdf-button-container\" style=\" text-align:left \">\n\n\t\t<a class=\"dkpdf-button\" href=\"\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7273?pdf=7273\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"dkpdf-button-icon\"><i class=\"fa fa-file-pdf-o\"><\/i><\/span> Download (PDF)<\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='after_section_2'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-7273'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>According to a recent ruling by the Federal Court of Justice (ruling dated 13 January 2022, case no. III ZR 210\/20), a representative acting in legal relations on behalf of an entrepreneurial company  is personally liable on the basis of a prima facie case pursuant to \u00a7 179 German Civil Code (BGB) in conjunction with \u00a7 311 para. 2 and 3 BGB (analogously) if the UG does not state its legal form &#8220;exactly and to the letter&#8221; in its company name. Even the omission of only the suffix &#8220;(haftungsbeschr\u00e4nkt)&#8221; could trigger prima facie liability despite the use of at least the legal form &#8220;UG&#8221; or &#8220;Unternehmergesellschaft&#8221;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"mc4wp_mailchimp_campaign":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[182],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7273","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-2022-q2-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7273","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7273"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7273\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7285,"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7273\/revisions\/7285"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7273"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7273"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/honert.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7273"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}